PTPN22

Reviewed March 2013

What is the official name of the PTPN22 gene?

The official name of this gene is “protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (lymphoid).”

PTPN22 is the gene's official symbol. The PTPN22 gene is also known by other names, listed below.

What is the normal function of the PTPN22 gene?

The PTPN22 gene provides instructions for making a protein that belongs to the PTP (protein tyrosine phosphatases) family. PTP proteins play a role in regulating a process called signal transduction. In signal transduction, the protein relays signals from outside the cell to the cell nucleus. These signals instruct the cell to grow and divide or to mature and take on specialized functions.

The PTPN22 protein is involved in signaling that helps control the activity of immune system cells called T cells. T cells identify foreign substances and defend the body against infection.

Does the PTPN22 gene share characteristics with other genes?

The PTPN22 gene belongs to a family of genes called PTP (protein tyrosine phosphatases).

A gene family is a group of genes that share important characteristics. Classifying individual genes into families helps researchers describe how genes are related to each other. For more information, see What are gene families? (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/genefamilies) in the Handbook.

How are changes in the PTPN22 gene related to health conditions?

autoimmune disorders - increased risk from variations of the PTPN22 gene

Studies have associated a variation in the PTPN22 gene with an increased risk of several autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's tissues and organs. These disorders include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroid disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

The PTPN22 gene variation associated with autoimmune disorders changes the protein building block (amino acid) arginine to the amino acid tryptophan at position 620 in the PTPN22 protein sequence, written as Arg620Trp or R620W. This variation likely affects the activity of the PTPN22 protein, making it more difficult for the body to control inflammation and prevent the immune system from attacking its own tissues.

vitiligo - increased risk from variations of the PTPN22 gene

Studies have associated the R620W variation in the PTPN22 gene with an increased risk of vitiligo, an autoimmune condition that results in patchy changes in skin coloring (pigmentation).

As with other autoimmune disorders, this variation likely affects the activity of the PTPN22 protein, making it more difficult for the body to control the immune system and prevent it from attacking its own tissues. While the pigment loss associated with vitiligo results from the immune system attacking pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin, it is unclear what specific circumstances trigger the immune system to do so. The condition probably results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, most of which have not been identified.

Where is the PTPN22 gene located?

Cytogenetic Location: 1p13.2

Molecular Location on chromosome 1: base pairs 114,356,432 to 114,414,374

The PTPN22 gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 1 at position 13.2.

More precisely, the PTPN22 gene is located from base pair 114,356,432 to base pair 114,414,374 on chromosome 1.

See How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/genelocation) in the Handbook.

Where can I find additional information about PTPN22?

You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers.

PubMed - Recent literature (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((PTPN22%5BTI%5D)%20OR%20(protein%20tyrosine%20phosphatase,%20non-receptor%20type%2022%5BTI%5D))%20AND%20((Genes%5BMH%5D)%20OR%20(Genetic%20Phenomena%5BMH%5D))%20AND%20english%5Bla%5D%20AND%20human%5Bmh%5D%20AND%20%22last%20720%20days%22%5Bdp%5D)
OMIM - Genetic disorder catalog (http://omim.org/entry/600716)
Research Resources - Tools for researchers
- Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology (http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Genes/GC_PTPN22.html)
- Entrez Gene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26191)
- GeneCards (http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?id_type=entrezgene&id=26191)
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=9652)

What other names do people use for the PTPN22 gene or gene products?

hematopoietic cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase 70Z-PEP
lymphoid phosphatase
lymphoid-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase
LYP
LYP1
LYP2
PEP
PEST-domain phosphatase
protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 8
PTN22_HUMAN
PTPN8
tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22

See How are genetic conditions and genes named? (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/naming) in the Handbook.

What glossary definitions help with understanding PTPN22?

amino acid ; arthritis ; autoimmune ; cell ; cell nucleus ; diabetes ; domain ; gene ; hematopoietic ; idiopathic ; immune system ; infection ; inflammation ; juvenile ; lupus ; lymphoid ; melanocytes ; nucleus ; phosphatase ; pigment ; pigmentation ; protein ; protein sequence ; receptor ; rheumatoid arthritis ; signal transduction ; systemic lupus ; systemic lupus erythematosus ; thyroid ; transduction ; tyrosine

You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference Glossary (http://www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary).

References

Arechiga AF, Habib T, He Y, Zhang X, Zhang ZY, Funk A, Buckner JH. Cutting edge: the PTPN22 allelic variant associated with autoimmunity impairs B cell signaling. J Immunol. 2009 Mar 15;182(6):3343-7. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0713370. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265110?dopt=Abstract)
Entrez Gene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26191)
LaBerge GS, Bennett DC, Fain PR, Spritz RA. PTPN22 is genetically associated with risk of generalized vitiligo, but CTLA4 is not. J Invest Dermatol. 2008 Jul;128(7):1757-62. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701233. Epub 2008 Jan 17. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18200060?dopt=Abstract)
Laberge GS, Birlea SA, Fain PR, Spritz RA. The PTPN22-1858C>T (R620W) functional polymorphism is associated with generalized vitiligo in the Romanian population. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008 Apr;21(2):206-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00443.x. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18426414?dopt=Abstract)
Lee YH, Rho YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG, Nath SK, Harley JB. The PTPN22 C1858T functional polymorphism and autoimmune diseases--a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Jan;46(1):49-56. Epub 2006 Jun 7. Review. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16760194?dopt=Abstract)
OMIM: PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, NONRECEPTOR-TYPE, 22 (http://omim.org/entry/600716)
Pradhan V, Borse V, Ghosh K. PTPN22 gene polymorphisms in autoimmune diseases with special reference to systemic lupus erythematosus disease susceptibility. J Postgrad Med. 2010 Jul-Sep;56(3):239-42. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.68651. Review. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739780?dopt=Abstract)
Spritz RA. The genetics of generalized vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases. Pigment Cell Res. 2007 Aug;20(4):271-8. Review. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630960?dopt=Abstract)
Vang T, Miletic AV, Bottini N, Mustelin T. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 in human autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2007 Sep;40(6):453-61. Review. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17729039?dopt=Abstract)

The resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. See How can I find a genetics professional in my area? (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/consult/findingprofessional) in the Handbook.